Thank you for asking me here to the Heritage Foundation. I'm pleased to be
able to speak to you today about the Bush Administration's efforts to combat
the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The spread of weapons of mass
destruction (WMD) to state sponsors of terrorism and terrorist groups is, in
my estimation, the gravest security threat we now face. States engaging in this
behavior -- some of them parties to international treaties prohibiting such
activities -- must be held accountable, and must know that only by renouncing
terrorism and verifiably forsaking WMD can they rejoin the community of nations.
The New Security Environment
Eight months into the war on terror, the United States and its partners have
made great strides. We have helped the Afghan people overthrow an oppressive,
terrorist-harboring regime in Afghanistan, foiled terrorist plots in places
such as Germany, Yemen, Spain and Singapore, and stanched the flow of funds
that
allowed Al-Qaeda's schemes to come to fruition. We have captured the number
three man in Al-Qaeda, and will bring him to justice. And this is just the beginning.
The attacks of September 11 reinforced with blinding clarity the need to be
steadfast in the face of emerging threats to our security. The international
security environment has changed, and our greatest threat comes not from the
specter of nuclear war between two superpowers, as it did during the Cold War,
but from
transnational terrorist cells that will strike without warning using weapons
of mass destruction. Every nation -- not just the United States -- has had to
reassess its security situation, and to decide where it stands on the war on
terrorism.
In the context of this new international security situation, we are working
hard to create a comprehensive security strategy with Russia, a plan President
Bush calls the New Strategic Framework. The New Strategic Framework involves
reducing offensive nuclear weapons, creating limited defensive systems that
deter the threat
of missile attacks, strengthening nonproliferation and counterproliferation
measures, and cooperating with Russia to combat terrorism. It is based on the
premise that the more cooperative, post-Cold War relationship between Russia
and the United States makes new approaches to these issues possible.
Accordingly, President Bush has announced that the United States will reduce
its strategic nuclear force to a total of between 1,700 and 2,200 operationally
deployed strategic nuclear warheads over the next ten years. President Putin
has made a similarly bold and historic decision with respect to Russian strategic
nuclear forces.
In preparation for the summit meeting in Moscow and St. Petersburg later this
month, we have been working closely with the Russians to embody the reductions
in offensive warheads into a legally-binding document that will outlast the
administrations of both Presidents. We are also working to draft a political
declaration on the New Strategic Framework that would cover the issues of strategic
offensive and defensive systems, nonproliferation and counterproliferation.
We are optimistic that we will have agreement in time for the summit in Moscow,
May 23rd to 25th.
Strengthening the U.S.-Russian relationship has been a priority of the Bush
Administration, even prior to the September 11 attacks. In the current security
climate, cooperation with Russia becomes even more important, so that we can
work together to combat terrorism and the spread of weapons of mass destruction,
which threaten both our countries.
Preventing Terrorism's Next Wave
President Bush believes it is critical not to underestimate the threat from terrorist groups and rogue states intent on obtaining weapons of mass destruction. As he said on the six-month anniversary of the attacks, "Every nation in our coalition must take seriously the growing threat of terror on a catastrophic scale -- terror armed with biological, chemical, or nuclear weapons." We must not doubt for a moment the possible catastrophic consequences of terrorists or their rogue state sponsors who are willing to use disease as a weapon to spread chemical agents to inflict pain and death, or to send suicide- bound adherents armed with radiological weapons on missions of mass murder.
Every nation must commit itself to preventing the acquisition of such weapons by state sponsors of terrorism or terrorist groups. As President Bush said: "Our lives, our way of life, and our every hope for the world depend on a single commitment: The authors of mass murder must be defeated, and never allowed to gain or use the weapons of mass destruction." To this end, we use a variety of methods to combat the spread of weapons of mass destruction, including export controls, missile defense, arms control, nonproliferation and counter-proliferation measures.
In the past, the United States relied principally on passive measures to stem proliferation. Arms control and nonproliferation regimes, export controls, and diplomatic overtures were the primary tools used in this fight. But September 11th, the subsequent anthrax attacks, and our discoveries regarding Al-Qaeda and its WMD aspirations has required the U.S to complement these more traditional strategies with a new approach. The Bush Administration is committed to combating the spread of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, missiles, and related equipment, and is determined to prevent the use of these deadly weapons against our citizens, troops, allies, and friends. While diplomatic efforts and multilateral regimes will remain important to our efforts, we also intend to complement this approach with other measures, as we work both in concert with likeminded nations, and on our own, to prevent terrorists and terrorist regimes from acquiring or using WMD. In the past, we looked at proliferation and terrorism as entirely separate issues. As Secretary Powell said in his Senate testimony April 24, "There are terrorists in the world who would like nothing better than to get their hands on and use nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. So there is a definite link between terrorism and WMD. Not to recognize that link would be foolhardy to the extreme."
America is determined to prevent the next wave of terror. States that sponsor
terror and pursue WMD must stop. States that renounce terror and abandon WMD
can become part of our effort. But those that do not can expect to become our
targets. This means directing firm international condemnation toward states
that shelter -- and in some cases directly sponsor -- terrorists within their
borders. It means uncovering their activities that may be in violation of international
treaties. It means having a direct dialogue with the rest of the world about
what is at stake. It means taking action against proliferators, middlemen, and
weapons brokers, by exposing them, sanctioning their behavior, and working with
other countries to prosecute them or otherwise bring a halt to their activities.
It means taking law-
enforcement action against suspect shipments, front companies, and financial
institutions that launder proliferator's funds. And it requires, above all,
effective use, improvement, and enforcement of the multilateral tools at our
disposal -- both arms control and nonproliferation treaties and export control
regimes.
The Problem of Noncompliance
Multilateral agreements are important to our nonproliferation arsenal. This Administration strongly supports treaties such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Biological Weapons Convention. But in order to be effective and provide the assurances they are designed to bring, they must be carefully and universally adhered to by all signatories. Therefore, strict compliance with existing treaties remains a major goal of our arms control policy.
This has been our aim in particular with the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). In 1969, President Nixon announced that the United States would unilaterally renounce biological weapons. The U.S. example was soon followed by other countries, and by 1972 the BWC was opened for signature. This international treaty, to which more than 140 countries are parties, prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, acquisition or retention of biological and toxin weapons.
While the vast majority of the BWC's parties have conscientiously met their commitments, the United States is extremely concerned that several states are conducting offensive biological weapons programs while publicly avowing compliance with the agreement. To expose some of these violators to the international community, last November, I named publicly several states the U.S. government knows to be producing biological warfare agents in violation of the BWC.
Foremost is Iraq. Although it became a signatory to the BWC in 1972 and became
a State Party in 1991, Iraq has developed, produced, and stockpiled biological
warfare agents and weapons. The United States strongly suspects that Iraq has
taken advantage of more than three years of no UN inspections to improve all
phases of its offensive BW program. Iraq also has developed, produced, and stockpiled
chemical weapons, and shown a continuing interest in developing nuclear weapons
and longer range missiles.
Next is North Korea. North Korea has a dedicated, national-level effort to
achieve a BW capability and has developed and produced, and may have weaponized,
BW agents in violation of the Convention. Despite the fact that its citizens
are starving, the leadership in Pyongyang has spent large sums of money to acquire
the resources, including a biotechnology infrastructure, capable of producing
infectious agents, toxins, and other crude biological weapons. It likely has
the capability to produce sufficient quantities of biological agents for military
purposes within weeks of deciding to do so, and has a variety of means at its
disposal for delivering these deadly weapons.
In January, I also named North Korea and Iraq for their covert nuclear weapons programs, in violation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. This year, North Korea did not meet Congressional certification requirements because of its continued lack of cooperation with the International Atomic Energy Agency, its failure to make any progress toward implementing the North-South Joint Denuclearization Declaration as called for under the Agreed Framework, and for proliferating long-range ballistic missiles. Finally, we believe that North Korea has a sizeable stockpile of chemical weapons, and can manufacture all manner of CW agents.
Then comes Iran. Iran's biological weapons program began during the Iran-Iraq
war, and accelerated after Tehran learned how far along Saddam Hussein had progressed
in his own program. The Iranians have all of the necessary pharmaceutical expertise,
as well as the commercial infrastructure needed to produce -- and
hide -- a biological warfare program. The United States believes Iran probably
has produced and weaponized BW agents in violation of the Convention. Again,
Iran's BW program is complemented by an even more aggressive chemical warfare
program, Iran's ongoing interest in nuclear weapons, and its aggressive ballistic
missile research, development, and flight testing regimen.
President Bush named these three countries in his State of the Union address earlier this year as the world's most dangerous proliferators. "States like these, and their terrorist allies," he said, "constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger."
Trouble Ahead
Beyond the axis of evil, there are other rogue states intent on acquiring weapons
of mass destruction -- particularly biological weapons. Given our vulnerability
to attack from biological agents, as evidenced recently in the anthrax releases,
it is important to carefully assess and respond to potential proliferators.
Today, I want to discuss three other state sponsors of terrorism that are pursuing
or who have the potential to pursue weapons of mass destruction or have the
capability to
do so in violation of their treaty obligations. While we will continue to use
diplomatic efforts and multilateral regimes with these countries, it is important
to review the challenges we face and to underline the issues that these states
must address. As the President has said, "America will do what is necessary
to ensure our nation's security. We'll be deliberate. Yet time is not on our
side. I will not wait on events while dangers gather. I will not stand by as
peril draws closer and closer."
First, Libya. There is no doubt that Libya continues its longstanding pursuit
of nuclear weapons. We believe that since the suspension of UN sanctions against
Libya in 1999, Libya has been able to increase its access to dual use nuclear
technologies. Although Libya would need significant foreign assistance to acquire
a nuclear weapon, Tripoli's nuclear infrastructure enhancement remains of concern.
Qaddafi hinted at this in a recent (25 March) interview with Al-Jazirah when
he
said, "We demanded the dismantling of the weapons of mass destruction that
the Israelis have; we must continue to demand that. Otherwise, the Arabs will
have the right to possess that weapon."
Among its weapons of mass destruction programs, Libya -- which is not a party to the CWC -- continues its goal of reestablishing its offensive chemical weapons ability, as well as pursuing an indigenous chemical warfare production capability. Libya has produced at least 100 tons of different kinds of chemical weapons, using its Rabta facility. That facility closed down after it was subject to media scrutiny, but then re-opened as a pharmaceutical plant in 1995. Although production of chemical agents reportedly has been halted, CW production at Rabta cannot be ruled out. It remains heavily dependent on foreign suppliers for precursor chemicals, technical expertise, and other key chemical warfare-related equipment. Following the suspension of UN sanctions in April 1999, Libya has reestablished contacts with illicit foreign sources of expertise, parts, and precursor chemicals in the Middle East, Asia, and Western Europe.
Conversely, Libya has publicly indicated its intent to join the CWC. While
our perceptions of Libya would not change overnight, such a move could be positive.
Under the CWC, Libya would be required to declare and destroy all chemical weapons
production facilities and stockpiles, make declarations about any dual use
chemical industry, undertake not to research or produce any chemical weapons,
and not to export certain chemicals to countries that have not signed the CWC.
Libya would also be subject to challenge inspections of any facility, declared
or not.
Significantly for predictive purposes, Libya became a State Party to the BWC
in January 1982, but the U.S. believes that Libya has continued its biological
warfare program. Although its program is in the research and development stage,
Libya may be capable of producing small quantities of biological agent. Libya's
BW
program has been hindered, in part, by the country's poor scientific and technological
base, equipment shortages, and a lack of skilled personnel, as well as by UN
sanctions in place from 1992 to 1999.
Libya is also continuing its efforts to obtain ballistic missile-related equipment,
materials, technology, and expertise from foreign sources. Outside assistance
-- particularly Serbian, Indian, North Korean, and Chinese -- is critical to
its ballistic missile development programs, and the suspension of UN sanctions
in 1999 has allowed Tripoli to expand its procurement effort. Libya's current
capability probably remains limited to its Scud B missiles, but with continued
foreign assistance it may achieve an MRBM capability -- a long desired goal
-- or extended-range Scud capability.
Although Libya is one of seven countries on the State Department's list of
state sponsors of terror1, the U.S. has noted recent positive steps by the Libyan
government that we hope indicate that Tripoli wishes to rejoin the community
of civilized states. In 1999, Libya turned over two Libyans wanted in
connection with the bombing of Pan Am flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, for
trial in the Netherlands. In 2001, it condemned the September 11 attacks publicly
and signed the twelve terrorist conventions listed in UN Security Council Resolution
1273. And, as I have already mentioned, Libya has also announced its
intention to accede to CWC.
However, as I have also said, words are not enough. The key is to see clear,
hard evidence that Libya will, in fact, live up to the public standards it has
set for itself. Libya can make a positive gesture in this regard by fulfilling
its obligations under WMD treaties and becoming a party to the CWC. Moreover,
Libya must
honor the relevant UN Security Council Resolutions relating to the resolution
of Pan Am 103, arguably the worst air terrorist disaster prior to September
11. Libya has yet to comply fully with these resolutions, which include accepting
responsibility and paying compensation. It is past time that Libya did this.
The United States also knows that Syria has long had a chemical warfare program.
It has a stockpile of the nerve agent sarin and is engaged in research and development
of the more toxic and persistent nerve agent VX. Although Damascus currently
is dependent on foreign sources for key elements of its chemical
warfare program, including precursor chemicals and key production equipment,
we are concerned about Syrian advances in its indigenous CW infrastructure which
would significantly increase the independence of its CW program. We think that
Syria has a variety of aerial bombs and SCUD warheads, which are potential
means of delivery of deadly agents capable of striking neighboring countries.
Syria, which has signed but not ratified the BWC, is pursuing the development
of biological weapons and is able to produce at least small amounts of biological
warfare agents. While we believe Syria would need foreign assistance to launch
a large-scale biological weapons program right now, it may obtain such
assistance by the end of this decade. Syria has a combined total of several
hundred Scud B, Scud C and SS-21 SRBMs, It is pursuing both solid- and liquid-propellant
missile programs and relies extensively on foreign assistance in these endeavors.
North Korean and Russian entities have been involved in aiding Syria's ballistic
missile development. All of Syria's missiles are mobile and can reach much of
Israel, Jordan, and Turkey from launch sites well within the country.
In addition to Libya and Syria, there is a threat coming from another BWC signatory,
and one that lies just 90 miles from the U.S. mainland -- namely, Cuba. This
totalitarian state has long been a violator of human rights. The State Department
said last year in its Annual Report on Human Rights Practices that "the
Government continued to violate systematically the fundamental civil and political
rights of its citizens. Citizens do not have the right to change their government
peacefully. Prisoners died in jail due to lack of medical care. Members of the
security forces and prison officials continued to beat and otherwise abuse detainees
and prisoners . . . The Government denied its citizens the freedoms of speech,
press, assembly and association."
Havana has long provided safehaven for terrorists, earning it a place on the State Department's list of terrorist-sponsoring states. The country is known to be harboring terrorists from Colombia, Spain, and fugitives from the United States. We know that Cuba is collaborating with other state sponsors of terror.
Castro has repeatedly denounced the U.S. war on terrorism. He continues to view terror as a legitimate tactic to further revolutionary objectives. Last year, Castro visited Iran, Syria and Libya -- all designees on the same list of terrorist-sponsoring states. At Tehran University, these were his words: "Iran and Cuba, in cooperation with each other, can bring America to its knees. The U.S. regime is very weak, and we are witnessing this weakness from close up."
But Cuba's threat to our security often has been underplayed. An official U.S.
government report in 1998 concluded that Cuba did not represent a significant
military threat to the United States or the region. It went only so far as to
say that, "Cuba has a limited capacity to engage in some military and intelligence
activities which could pose a danger to U.S. citizens under some circumstances."
However, then-Secretary of Defense William Cohen tried to add some balance to
this report by expressing in the preface his serious concerns about Cuba's intelligence
activities against the United States and its human rights practices. Most
notably, he said, "I remain concerned about Cuba's potential to develop
and produce biological agents, given its biotechnology infrastructure"
Why was the 1998 report on Cuba so unbalanced? Why did it underplay the threat Cuba posed to the United States? A major reason is Cuba's aggressive intelligence operations against the United States, which included recruiting the Defense Intelligence Agency's senior Cuba analyst, Ana Belen Montes, to spy for Cuba. Montes not only had a hand in drafting the 1998 Cuba report but also passed some of our most sensitive information about Cuba back to Havana. Montes was arrested last fall and pleaded guilty to espionage on March 19th.
For four decades Cuba has maintained a well-developed and sophisticated biomedical industry, supported until 1990 by the Soviet Union. This industry is one of the most advanced in Latin America, and leads in the production of pharmaceuticals and vaccines that are sold worldwide. Analysts and Cuban defectors have long cast suspicion on the activities conducted in these biomedical facilities.
Here is what we now know: The United States believes that Cuba has at least a limited offensive biological warfare research and development effort. Cuba has provided dual-use biotechnology to other rogue states. We are concerned that such technology could support BW programs in those states. We call on Cuba to cease all BW-applicable cooperation with rogue states and to fully comply with all of its obligations under the Biological Weapons Convention.
Conclusion
America is leading in the fight to root out and destroy terror. Our goals are
to stop the development of weapons of mass destruction and insure compliance
with existing arms control and nonproliferation treaties and commitments, which
the Bush Administration strongly supports, but experience has shown that
treaties and agreements are an insufficient check against state sponsors of
terrorism. Noncompliance can undermine the efficacy and legitimacy of these
treaties and regimes. After all, any nation ready to violate one agreement is
perfectly capable of violating another, denying its actual behavior all the
while. And so I close with four fundamental conclusions. First, that global
terrorism has changed the nature of the threat we face. Keeping WMD out of terrorist
hands must be a core element of our nonproliferation strategy.
Second, the Administration supports an international dialogue on weapons of mass destruction and encourages countries to educate their publics on the WMD threat. We must not shy away from truth telling.
Third, the Administration will not assume that because a country's formal subscription to UN counterterrorism conventions or its membership in multilateral regimes necessarily constitutes an accurate reading of its intentions. We call on Libya, Cuba, and Syria to live up to the agreements they have signed. We will watch closely their actions, not simply listen to their words. Working with our allies, we will expose those countries that do not live up to their commitments.
Finally, the United States will continue to exercise strong leadership in multilateral forums and will take whatever steps are necessary to protect and defend our interests and eliminate the terrorist threat.
Thank you.
______________________
1"Patterns of Global Terrorism 2000," U.S. Department of State,
April 30, 2001.