Four Leading Powers indexed to "Hegemon," 1830-Present

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Country and percentage of "hegemon's" value

(Perceived Hegemon's Value is Bolded)

Year	Largest	2nd Largest	3rd Largest	4th Largest
Gross National Product
2003 (GNI, Atlas Method)	USA 100	Japan 40	Germany 29	UK 15
1983	USA 100	USSR 41	Japan 35	W. Germany 20
1938	USA 100	Germany 37	USSR 37	UK 27
1913	USA 306	Russia 123	Germany 113	UK 100
1870	USA 117	Russia 117	UK 100	France 86
1830	Russia 132	France 105	UK 100	A-H 87
Military Expenditures
2003	USA 100	Russia 16	China 12	Japan 11
1983	USA 100	USSR 100	China 19	UK 16
1950	USSR 106	USA 100	China 18	UK 16
1938	Germany 657	USSR 481	UK 161	Japan 154
1913	Germany 129	Russia 125	UK 100	France 99
1872	Russia 127	France 119	UK 100	Germany 68
1830	France 148	UK 100	Russia 92	A-H 54
Manufacturing Production
2000	USA 100	Japan 85	Germany 34	China 24
1953	USA 100	USSR 24	UK 19	W. Germany 13
1938	USA 100	Germany 40	UK 34	USSR 29
1913	USA 235	Germany 109	UK 100	Russia 26
1870	UK 100	China 75	USA 51	France 37
1830	China 319	India 185	UK 100	Russia 39

Source: Bruce Russert, "The Mysterious Case of Vanishing Hegemony; or, Is Mark Twain Really Dead?" International Organization, Vol. 39, no. 2 (Spring 1985), p. 212; 2003 GNI Data from the World Bank, World Development Indicators, July 2004; 2003 Military Expenditures Data from Center for Defense Information, "Last of the Big Time Spenders: U.S. Military Budget Still the World's Largest, and Growing," March 19, 2003; Manufacturing data for 2000 from The World Bank, World Development Indicators, Manufacturing, value added in constant 1995 $US, (Washington: The World Bank, 2003).