Please answer one of the following questions in an essay of no more than seven pages. The exam is an open-book, open-discussion exam and you are not expected to do additional research to answer the question. Such research, however, is not prohibited. Keep in mind however, that one of the purposes of this exam is to demonstrate your understanding and mastery of the material presented in this class - make sure to cite relevant literature in your arguments.

The essays are due no later than 9 May for seniors. All seniors must hand in their exams by the 9th and should identify their status with BIG, BLOCK LETTERS that say "SENIOR." All other students must submit their answers no later than 11 May. Papers can be emailed to us as an attachment directly to vferraro@mtholyoke.edu or they can be turned into Prof. Ferraro’s mailbox outside his office in room 103 Skinner Hall or Professor Ellis’s mailbox in the History Department Office on the 3rd floor of Skinner. We will let you know if we have difficulties printing out the paper. We use Microsoft Word so we would prefer receiving papers in that format.

1) In a speech in 2002, President Bush proclaimed that "Before September the 11th, 2001, we thought oceans would protect us forever… But that all changed on that fateful day." Do you agree that “all changed” for American foreign policy because of that event? What changes do you think were justified? What changes were not justified?

2) Compare American entry into the Spanish-American War, World War I and the Vietnam War. Focus your essay on the problems faced by a democratic hegemon in conducting foreign policy.

3) Which has served as a better guide for American foreign policy: ”interests” or “values”? Using historical and contemporary examples, demonstrate the effectiveness of using either to determine US foreign policy.

4) Imagine a gathering of the following advisors to brief President Bush on American policy toward Islamic terrorism after September 11: Thomas Jefferson, Woodrow Wilson, and George Kennan. Reproduce the conversation they have and indicate the policy direction you endorse.