When Bakufu reneged on its agreement to expel foreigners by June of 1863, the Choshu domain, in response to a general order to repulse foreigners that was forced upon the Edo government by the conservative court in Kyoto, attacked Western ships. In 1864, Western ships, in retaliation, bombarded Shimonoseki and landed troops. A peace agreement was signed, and Choshu moved from anti-foreign policies to opposing Bakufu. Satsuma allied with Choshu to this end in 1866 The Choshu domain was a large samurai domain in western Honshu. The Choshu samurai displayed an immensely practical ability to rethink their course of action: they reversed their isolationist sentiments and, as did the Kyushu province of Satsuma, began studying Western military technology.