HW 8: Possible answers

1.    Softline militarists believe that civilians should be encouraged to engage in political activity.

S¹: (1) is a softline militarist

B^1,1: (1)  believes that [1]

E^2,1: (1)  encourages k to make it the case that [1]

S^0,1: it should be the case that [1]

E²: (1) engages in k

P¹: (1) concerns politics

A¹: (1) is an activity

C¹: (1) is a civilian

"x [Sx ® B^1,1x"y(Cy ® S^0,1$w E^2,1wy$z(Az Ù Pz ÙEyz))]

or slightly less good is:

"x [Sx ® B^1,1x"y(Cy ® S^0,1$z$w(Az Ù Pz Ù E^2,1wyEyz))]

2.    Running quickly through the hot sauna caused Rhonda to have a heart attack.

C^0,2: the fact that [1] caused it it to be the case that [2]

R¹: (1)  is a running

P²: (1)  performs k

Q¹: (1)  is quick

T²: (1)  takes place through (in) k

S¹: (1)  is a sauna

H¹: (1)  is hot

A¹: (1)  is a heart attack

H²: (1)  has k

r: Rhonda

                $x [Rx Ù P²rx Ù $y(Sy Ù T²xy Ù C^0,2(Qx Ù Hy) $z(Az Ù H²rz))]

or

C^1,1: the fact that [1] caused (1)

$x [Rx Ù P²rx Ù $y(Sy Ù T²xy Ù $z(Az Ù H²rz Ù C^1,1z(Qx Ù Hy)))]

3.    Why does Rodney never answer when I want him to?

W^0,1: why is it the case that [1]

W^1,1: (1) wants it to be the case that [1]

A³: (1) answers (2) at time (3)

i: the speaker of the sentence

r: Rodney

W^0,1– $t [ W^1,1 iA³rit Ù A³rit]      or  

W^0,1"x– $t [ W^1,1 iA³rxt Ù A³rxt]     or

W^0,1" t [ W^1,1 iA³rit ® – A³rit]      or

W^0,1""x ( W^1,1 iA²rx ® – A²rx)

" is the “at all times” tense operator, and A2  is: (1) answers (2). If we quantify over times, as the first three versions do, then the "answers" predicate needs a third place for the time of the answering. If we use a tense operator, as the 4^th version does, then only two places are needed in the predicate.

Part II:

1.   No Mountain Lions are pets

      Some pets are felines

      Therefore some mountain lions are not felines  (Laura K.)

2.   Some females are pregnant

      No lesbians are males

      Therefore no lesbians are pregnant.  (Lindsay, Carolyn & Kathryn)

3.   My grandmother’s body has been important to my family for 100 years

      Therefore it should be preserved. (Prof. Bowie)

4.   Having your left leg amputated will make the pain in your toe better.

Therefore if you want the pain in your toe to be better you should amputate your left leg. (Amanda & Margaret)

5.   Fish have a genetically inborn capacity for swimming

      People do not

      Therefore people cannot swim.  (Jen B., Donna & Kim)

      If you're not persuaded that premise 2 is true, try this one:

      Pigeons have a genetically inborn capacity for finding their way home

      People do not.

      Therefore, people cannot find their way home.