Perspectives on International Relations in the 18th Century

“Each nation in its natural state must be considered as the enemy of all others; or as disposed to be such.” European writer in 1740s

“We cannot rely on virtue; it is weak or equivocal, or hidden and unknown; . . . we must thus take as our starting point only the possible and even probable abuse of power.” European writer of 1770s.

It is the kingdom of heaven which is won by gentleness; those of this world belong to force.” Frederick II 1742
“The natural function of the state is to expand its territories.” Frederick II ca. 1740s.

“A state should always be at the ready, like a gentleman living a among swashbucklers and quarrelers. Such are the nations of Europe, today more than ever; negotiations are only a continual struggle between men without principles, impudently aggressive and every greedy.” Marquis d’Argenson, 1739

Balance of Power