Dominic Lieven’s Essay on “Imperial History?” argues that empire should be studied under the recurrence and umbrella of globalization. The article begins by stating that the first major wave of globalization occurred between the 16th and 20th centuries in Europe through the evolving political ideologies and capitalistic, economic systems. Lieven studies the classic case of Vienna, a city of “globalization, Jewish culture, and Anti-Semitism” during the pre and post World War I era. He claims that the Venetian elite consisted of a majority of Jewish figures who were prospering from the financial gains of capitalism. Therefore, a backlash against globalization in the form of Anti-Semitism occurred, eventually leading to the breakout of World War II which ended the European version of empire.
Lieven argues that the second wave of globalization commenced under US’s leadership and political ideology. He comments that globalization today has become associated with the spread of democracy, a key element of President Bush’s agenda. Conforming to democracy, capitalistic sentiments, and American culture are all components of globalization in the international setting. However, Lieven notes that there is a given contradiction in US expansionism. Empire is defined as rule without consent yet inherent in democracy is sovereignty and nationalism. This brings forth the relevance of empire in today’s society. Through studying history, Lieven lists prominent empires such as the Soviet Union and Ottoman Empire which ultimately failed. He uses the modern day example of the EU as an empire with imperialistic characteristics. In his article, the EU is applauded for its consensus regarding economic policy but he writes that it must also define its foreign and defense policies because in their absence, the government lacks legitimacy.
Lieven emphasizes that the study of history is also critical in understanding the American “empire.” Empires of the past were useful for trade, preserving order and peace, and facilitating new ideas. He states that Americans have become stuck with their empire because of the spread of capitalism. This Americanization that can be equated to imperialism occurring due to progress and evolving technologies but Lieven asks, can it be stopped? The writer attempts to foresee the longevity of this “rule.” The US is famous for advocating equality and democracy but he points out that the disparity between nations is much greater than 500 years ago. Lieven concludes that predicting an exact lifespan is impossible but regarding global stability, the US and its European counterparts must gain the support of areas such as the Middle East and Asia if another great backlash against globalization is to be stopped.