History and ES 256: Nature and Industrialization
Lab 2 Mapping and Interpreting Population Density in Space & Time
Mr. Schwartz
· Open ArcCatalog
· Connect to z:\RS1
· Navigate to the subdirectory “BritRail/Current” and open the directory/folder.
·
Open ArcMap (hint: click in ArcCatalog
on the toolbar icon 
· Select to open a new (blank) map
· Add Data (drag and drop from ArcCatalog). Arrange the ArcMap and ArcCatalog windows so that both are visible.
o Select the shape files for the census years 1851mig-1911mig. [1851mig.shp, etc.]. Drag them to the left-hand panel of ArcMap.
The Tool bar in ArcMap should look like this. The tool bar with the Hand, the Globe, etc. is sometimes opened as a floating tool bar. You can drag and park it in the main ArcMap tool bar area.
· Right click on the 1851 layer to open the following menu.
· Click on Properties. When the Window opens, click on the Symbology tab.
· Choose “Quantities/Graduated Colors.” In the “Value” drop-down box, select DEN1851.
· Click Apply and then study the resulting map. Note the mode that was used to divide the data into segments: the default is “Natural Breaks (Jenks). Convince yourself that this mode of Classification does not produce a meaningful mapping of the spatial distribution of population density.
· Click on the “Classify” button on the right side of the Symbology tab (Quantities/Graduated Colors). Examine the histogram chart that shows how the mode of classification divides the data into groups.
· The blue lines indicate the “break values” which are displayed to the right under “Break Values.” These are the values used to divide the distribution into 5 classes.
· Note the Classification Statistics and the meaning of each.
· Experiment: one by one, try the other modes of classification available in the “Method” drop-down box.
· Experiment with the Manual classification method. a) place the cursor on one of the blue lines and move it. b) in the Break Values box, change one or more of the values by highlighting a value and then typing in a new value. This ability to manually make break points can be very useful in certain situations, so keep it in mind. For example:
o When comparing the spatial distribution of population density in 1851 and 1911, use the SAME SCALE or BREAK POINTS in order to make the mapped patterns consistent in terms of scale.
o To do this, choose one of the layers, say 1851, as your standard of comparison. Then adjust the break points in the 1911 layer to conform to those in the 1851 layer.
PART II. Exploring Population Density in space and over time. WORK TO BE TURNED IN FOR CREDIT.
· Construct maps of population density for 1851, 1881, and 1911. Be sure to use the same scale/break points for each of your three maps so that they will be comparable.
·
Study each map closely. Use the Label Features
to identify ALL of the registration districts. Use the Information Tool 
to identify specific districts. Use the Find
Tool 
to locate a particular district. This will
prove very helpful in locating places that are mentioned in the reading for
next week in Winter.
· Color maps can be exported to a file for viewing on a computer (they can be printed, too, but we’ll do that later.) Go to File/Export Map and then name the file. Use JPEG or GIF as the format to keep the size of the file reasonable.
· Gray-scale maps can be exported and printed. Go back to Properties/Symbology/Quantities/Graduated Colors and choose a gray scale color scheme. The convention is to have the highest density be the darkest color or shade of gray. To simply print, go to File/Print. To save the file—recommended—for later consultation, go to File/Export and save to the space available to you in the GPL.
· With the gray-scale printed maps before you, what pattern do you see in each map? What, if any, changes in the distribution of population density do you see occurring over time? What might explain the pattern in 1851? What do changes in the distribution of population density over time indicate? What do you think such changes mean?
Lab 2
Due in Monday by noon, October 24 [please send by email attachment]
INSTRUCTIONS
1. Review one of the chapters 3 to 8 in Winter’s book that you have already read. Note several specific localities specific localities that he describes in his discussion of environmental change and continuity in rural and urban areas. You’ll be asked to draw on this knowledge in question 4.
2. The exercise calls for brief, concise answers as suggested by the amount of space for each. Complete this form and send it to me by email attachment. Include your three maps with this form, by inserting them in a Word file. Use color maps.
3. Where appropriate make use of the spatial concepts described in my Introduction to Historical GIS, Chapter 1:
Location; Proximity; Size; Adjacency; Connection; Containment; Pattern.
4. To help you write a description of a spatial pattern, study the following example from one of my articles that is on the course web site: “Describing spatial patterns.”
Lab 2
Due in Monday by noon, October 24 [please send by email attachment]
Name_________________________________________
1. Briefly describe
the pattern of population density in
2. Briefly describe one significant change to the 1851 pattern that you see in the map for 1881. If you see no significant change, briefly support your reasoning.
3. Briefly describe one significant changes to the 1881 pattern that you see in the map for 1911. If you see no significant change, briefly support your reasoning.
4. Locate on your maps one place discussed in one of Winter’s chapters 3 through 8. Briefly describe the pattern of population density in that place over time. (A place might be as small as one registration district or a cluster of them.)
5. Why? What explains a pattern? Study the maps below of mineral deposits, the distribution of employment in manufacturing, domestic service, and agriculture. Choose one of your “patterns” from above (1-3) and one of the maps below. Then briefly describe what you see to be a geographic correspondence between the two (there will not be any complete correspondence.” What do you think the correspondence means?
Map 1 Major Towns and Rail Lines in
1854 (
Map 2 Mineral Resources
Map 3 Employment in Domestic Service 1851 (left) and 1911 (right)
Map 4 Employment in Manufacturing in 1851 and 1911
Map 5 Employment in Agriculture, 1851 and 1911
Map 6 Rail Lines in
Map 7.
Rural Development in the Counties of
Map 8. Regions of
