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Partnerships by Date
1986: United Kingdom, MOU
"The first [cooperation] venture between the U.S.
and U.K. began in 1986, when we awarded several contracts to the U.K.
Ministry of Defence to study battle management/command, control and communications
in theater missile defense. Since then the United Kingdom has been actively
involved in a variety of mutually beneficial BMD data exchanges, scientist
and engineer exchanges, joint studies and experiments. Investments in
these and similar programs, studies and experiments over the past twelve
years have led to a strong relationship within the United Kingdom's defense
establishment and industry on BMD issues."
(Missile
Defense Agency)
1986: Israel, MOU
"Cooperative activities have included architecture
studies; participation in several technology experiments; test bed development,
enhancements, and experiments; examination of boost-phase intercept concepts;
and, most prominently, the development of the Arrow Interceptor."
(ibid) 1983: On November 29, a new agreement was signed
creating the Joint Political-Military Group (JPMG) and a group to oversee
security assistance, the Joint Security Assistance Planning Group (JSAP).
1986: Germany, MOU
"Germany and the United States signed a Memorandum
of Understanding to work on cooperative research, development and production
of missile defense systems... In particular, the United States and Germany
have enjoyed a close, cooperative relationship in air defense activities
since 1989. One of the most prominent programs is a joint endeavor to
upgrade Germany's PATRIOT systems which were purchased from the U.S. in
the 1980's and a program to develop and deploy the next generation PAC-3
system. The German Air Force currently operates 36 operational PATRIOT
squadrons (320 launchers) with TMD capability. This includes 12 squadrons
that are U.S.-owned and used to protect U.S. military bases. Germany also
purchased the HAWK system from the U.S. in the 1960's. These two systems,
along with the ROLAND, constitute the core of Germany's ground-based air
defense capability. Germany has procured the PAC-3 Configurations 1 and
2 (guidance enhanced missile, radar and communication enhancements) and
is considering the purchase of the Configuration 3 system (new hit-to-kill
interceptor and remote launch communications, and enhanced radar). German
interest remains high on PAC-3 Configuration 3, but final commitment is
pending German Ministry of Defense approval." (ibid)
1986: Italy, MOU
"The United States and Italy signed a Memorandum of
Understanding in September 1986 concerning cooperative research for the
Strategic Defense Initiative. This overarching agreement was initiated
to facilitate Italian government and industry participation in SDI research
and development. Italy is one of a few NATO countries currently within
range of tactical ballistic missiles located in North Africa. Italy's
vulnerability to ballistic missile attack was underscored when Libya launched
two SCUD missiles against the Italian island of Lampudusa in the 1980's,
following the U.S. attack on Tripoli. The incident, coupled with the proliferation
of ballistic missiles in the region, spurred Italy to explore replacing
its I-HAWK weapons system. It also prompted Italy to join the United States
and Germany in the MEADS co-development program. The Italian Ministry
of Defense is currently working on a comprehensive plan for air and missile
defense that addresses both the threat and proposed defense system architectures."
(ibid)
1987: Japan, "Agreement Concerning Japanese Participation in Research
for the Strategic Defense Initiative".
"Japanese involvement has included bilateral TMD cooperation
between the U.S. and Japanese industry. For example, Japanese industry
participated in the 1988-1993 "SDIO Western Pacific Architecture
Study," and several small high technology projects are being pursued."
(ibid)
--FS-X Fighter Cooperation in mid 80's caught up in US
domestic concerns over balance of trade with Japan/ concerns over sharing
the only technology US lead Japan in/ 1988 major
bmd architecture study, with some Japanese officials nervous that US would
push bmd into arsenal or that US would steal japanese technology/ overall
concern over Reagan's SDI "Star Wars" vision./ After 1994 study
on BMD defense options Japan initiated BMD office in defense department.
Ref:
Patrick M. O’Donogue, Theater Missile Defense in Japan: Implications
for the U.S.-China-Japan Strategic Relationship. Strategic Studies Institute,
Army War College
Japan-US
Cooperation on Ballistic Missile Defense: Issues (CRS)
Possible reasons for these partnerships
Administration wanted to bolster support for SDI in Congress
Potential Articles of Interest
1. The MX missile and the Strategic Defense
Initiative: their implications on arms control negotiations: hearings,
February 27-March 20, 1985.
Corp Author: United States. House. Com. on Armed Services. Defense Policy
Panel.
Publication: Washington, DC 20515 pa 1985 iii+285p
Document: Monograph
(PAIS)
2. BMD, SDI, and future policy: issues and prospects.
Author: Snow, Donald M. Source: Air University Review 36:4-13 Jl/Ag 1985
Doc. Type: Periodical Article Libraries Worldwide: 419 (PAIS)
3. Missile fight: Reagan's arms policies are damaged by his warring aides;
Weinberger's star wars push imperils both that plan and hope of Soviet
pact; rereading the ABM accord.
Author: Walcott, John; Carrington, Tim Source: Wall Street Journal 209:1+
F 12 1987 Doc. Type: Periodical Article Libraries Worldwide: 2788 MOUNT
HOLYOKE COL (PAIS)
4. The USA should begin to deploy a strategic defence system.
Author: Weinberger, Caspar W. Source: Space Policy 3:96-9 My 1987 Doc.
Type: Periodical Article Libraries Worldwide: 144 (PAIS)
5. Industry and government in Japanese defense procurement: the case of
the Patriot missile system.
Author: Chinworth, Michael W. Source: Comparative Strategy 9:195-243 no
3 1990 Doc. Type: Periodical Article Libraries Worldwide: 190 (PAIS)
6. Fire in the sky: the Indian missile program.
Author: Gupta, Amit Source: Defense and Diplomacy 8:44-7 O 1990 Doc. Type:
Periodical Article Libraries Worldwide: 40 (PAIS)
Other Cooperation Questions
"IN 1980, THE FRENCH SOLD SIX WARSHIPS, TWENTY-FOUR
HELICOPTERS, AND A NUMBER OF MISSILES TO THE SAUDI NAVY, THEREBY UPSETTING
THE PENTAGON'S PLAN TO TRAIN AND EQUIP IT. FOUR YEARS LATER, FRANCE WON
A TOUGH COMPETITION WITH AMERICA FOR THE SAUDI PURCHASE OF A MISSILE-DEFENSE
SYSTEM." (THE DIPLOMATIC ROUND: POLITICS AND WEAPONS SALES,
BY JOHN NEWHOUSE FROM THE NEW YORKER, JUNE 9, 1986)
-- It was the Shahine mobile anti-aircraft missile defense system to guard
the Saudi oil fields and other sensitive targets.
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