-SPREADING THE HATE-

Created by Hassan Ngeze, a former street vendor, in 1990, Kangura specialized in personal attacks and convincing the Hutu population that if they did not 'defend' themselves, they would be the victims of an extermination themselves. One of Kangura's most well know pieces, titled "The Hutu Ten Commandments", presents the rules by which a 'good' Hutu would live:

The Hutu Ten Commandments

Every Muhutu should know that a Mututsi woman, wherever she is, works for the interest of her Tutsi ethnic group. As a result, we shall consider a traitor any Muhutu who:

Every Muhutu should know that our Hutu daughters are more suitable and conscientious in their role as woman, wife, and mother of the family. Are they not more beautiful, good secretaries and more honest?

Bahutu women, be vigilant and try to bring your husbands, brothers and sons back to reason.

Every Muhutu should know that every Mututsi is dishonest in business. His only aim is the supremacy of his ethnic group. As a result, any Muhutu who does the following is a traitor:

All strategic positions, political, administrative, economic, military and security should be entrusted to Bahutu.

The education sector (school pupils, students, teachers) must be majority Hutu.

The Rwandese Armed Forces should be exclusively Hutu. The experience of the October [1990] war has taught us a lesson. No member of the military shall marry a Tutsi.

The Bahutu should stop having mercy on the Batutsi.

The Bahutu, wherever they are, must have unity and solidarity, and be concerned with the fate of their Hutu brothers.

The Social Revolution of 1959, the Referendum of 1961, and the Hutu Ideology, must be taught to every level. Every Hutu must spread this ideology widely. Any Muhutu who persecutes his brother Muhutu for having read, spread and taught this ideology, is a traitor.

taken from: Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Destruction- African Rights

Kangura was heavily associated with the MRND government, although it was more closely connected with the Coalition for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), than with President Habyarimana himself. Becasue Kangura had so many powerful connections, the journal often made successful predictions, including the death of the President.

Becasue the extremists were not able to gain total control over Radio Rwanda, Rwanda's national radio station, due to the political opposition, the government spread their extremist views through the RTML, a private radio station run by Felicien Kabuga. The RTLM began operating in September of 1993. At that time, their programming was directed at threatening the Tutsi population and convincing the Hutu population that they were in grave danger. After the killing began on April 6, 1994, the RTLM played a direct role in the genocide. The station broadcast names of people who were marked for execution, suggested where Tutsis might be hiding, and encouraged participation in massacres. Many broadcasts suggested violence against the Tutsi in general:

"Fight the Inyenzi, pound them. Stand up. Keep away from lies and rumours. If they pound you with heavy artillery, bombs, go into bunkers. Then after that you take you spears, clubs, guns, swords, stones, everything, sharpen them, hack them, those enemies, those cockroaches, those enemies of democracy, show that you can defend yourselves- support your soldiers."

taken from: Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Destruction- African Rights

After April 6, 1994, the government gained control of Radio Rwanda and used it in the same way as they did the RTLM. Radio Rwanda was much more effective than the RTLM in that Radio Rwanda reached even the remotest areas in Rwanda while RTLM could only be picked up in greater Kigali.

A Broadcast from Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines - April 3, 1994

"RTLM Versus Radio Rwanda"

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