History and Current situation
Weiner, Michael. Japan's Minorities-The illusion of homogeneity-. New York: Routledge, 1997.
Walker, L. Brett. The Conquest of Ainu Lands-Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion,
        1590-1800-. California: University of California, 2001.

History and Current situation
"Ainu still behind in terms of education, employment" The Japan Times March 24, 2000.
Corliss, Mick. "Ainu law fails to address grievances" The Japan Times. June 9, 2000.
"Human rights groups attack official discrimination report" The Japan Times. Feb.28, 2001.

Introduction
Origin
History
Tradition
Current situation
Conclusion